When DNA is heated, the hydrogen bonds begin to break and the two strands will eventually separate if the temperature rises enough, referred to as " melting 溶解" or denaturation 變性. Each DNA molecule has a melting temperature (Tm) m下標
In front of each gene is a regulatory region of DNA involved in switching the gene on or off. Between genes are intergenic regions of DNA. Genetic information 遺傳訊息 includes both the genes themselves and regions of DNA involved in controlling gene expression.
In prokaryotes, groups of genes may be clustered close together with no intergenic regions, called operons操作組 and each is under the control of a single regulatory region.
Eukaryotes have much longer intergenic regions and other non-coding DNA, the genes are only a small proportion of the total DNA. The complete set of chromosomes found in the cells of a particular individual is known as the karyotype. 核型 The chromosome banding technique has been used to identify major chromosome abnormalities.
Eukaryotes are normally diploid.
Many plants are polyploid 多倍體 especially angiosperms (flowering plants).
Polyploids have often been selected among domesticated crop plants, since they tend to give bigger plants with higher yields.
多倍體的植株比較大，產量比較多
干擾雙鍵形成，如加熱、添加尿素、添加酵素
DNA複製、轉錄
通常是AT-rich region
Tm 打開一半時的溫度
使用鹼性使DNA變性，避免破壞糖苷鍵
DNA在此波長下的吸收最好
可用以分析、含量測定
GC ratio 百分比
(G+C)/(A+T+C+G)x100%
同百分比不一定是同生物
renaturation 復性
hybrid DNA 雜交型
includes both the genes themselves and regions of DNA involved in controlling gene expression.
在centromere 著絲點、telomeres 端粒
repetitive 重複 DNA sequences 序列 含量高
DNA染色體的複製原點不只一個
The chromosome banding technique
has been used to identify major chromosome abnormalities.
轉錄出RNA不一定進入轉譯
mRNA進入轉譯產生蛋白質
Polycistronic 多基因
真核生物細胞 只有單基因型
實驗報告
漫畫