They include flattened alveolar ridges with hyperplastic gingiva, macroglossia, high-arched palate, and short mandibular rami with abnormal condyles. Peg-shaped teeth, delayed dental eruption, malocclusions, and localized dentigerous cyst-like radiolucencies are frequently observed
The abnormal light chains in patients with AL amyloidosis clump together into thread-like strings (amyloid fibrils) that the body cannot clear away easily.
deposition on the tongue may result in macroglossia and firm tongue.1,2 Commonly the deposition appeared as waxy papules or nodules on various oral surfaces including the tongue as well as buccal mucosa. However deposition of amyloid on the tongue is very rare and accounts for less than 9% of all types of amyloidosis.
multiple myeloma (MM). MM is a rare, largely incurable malignant disease characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of clonal plasma cells producing a monoclonal paraprotein, mainly IgG (55%) or IgA (20%) and rarely IgM and IgD causing a wide variety of complications leading to organ dysfunction and eventually death.
Maxillary and mandibular bones may be affected by these lesions. Nearly 80% of diagnosed MM is preceded by asymptomatic a premalignant stage termed monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and nearly 35% of patients diagnosed with symptomatic MM present lesions in the jaws.4
the dental abnormalities are a delay or cessation of dental growth and development, paresthesia of the tongue or lips and alteration of the facial muscles.
PTH, which is involved in regulating the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. So, it plays an important role in tooth and bone mineralization, increases the bone resorption, stimulates formation of active metabolite of Vitamin D in the kidneys, which promotes the intestinal absorption of calcium and decreases renal reabsorption of phosphate.
Primary Usually caused by a tumor (adenoma in 85% of all cases) or hyperplasia of the gland that produces an increase in PTH secretion resulting in hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia.
Secondary When the parathyroid glands are stimulated to produce increased amounts of hormones to correct abnormally low serum calcium levels in different physiologic or pathologic conditions like renal failure, intestinal malabsorption syndrome, decrease of Vitamin D production, thus resulting in parathyroid hyperplasia.
A koilocyte is a squamous epithelial cell that has undergone a number of structural changes, which occur as a result of infection of the cell by human papillomavirus (HPV)
A koilocyte is a squamous epithelial cell that has undergone a number of structural changes, which occur as a result of infection of the cell by human papillomavirus (HPV).
Koilocytes may have the following cellular changes: Nuclear enlargement (two to three times normal size). Irregularity of the nuclear membrane contour, creating a wrinkled or raisinoid appearance.
A darker than normal staining pattern in the nucleus, known as hyperchromasia. A clear area around the nucleus, known as a perinuclear halo or perinuclear cytoplasmic vacuolization.
rete 網狀 Connective tissue papilla close to epithelium surface (bule ↑) with lymphocyte infiltration and xanthoma cells that are lipid eating macrophages with foamy cytoplasm (round shape, lightly eosinophilic granular cytoplasm, PAS+/diastase resistant, CD68+) present completely within the papilla
Periodic acid–Schiff–diastase (PAS-D, PAS diastase) stain is a periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) stain used in combination with diastase, an enzyme that breaks down glycogen. PAS-D is a stain often used by pathologists as an ancillary study in making a histologic diagnosis on paraffin-embedded tissue specimens.
In healthcare, a differential diagnosis (abbreviated DDx) is a method of analysis of a patient's history and physical examination to arrive at the correct diagnosis.
Eosinophilic granules contain highly charged and active proteins, including major basic protein (MBP)-1 and MBP-2, eosinophil peroxidase (EPX), eosinophil cationic protein, and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), that mediate toxicity toward pathogens and tissues and thereby produce a variety of inflammatory processes that contribute to tissue pathology.
lightly basophilic nuclei deviated from central location. S100 S-100 Protein Other S100P-positive tumor types that enter into differential diagnostic consideration with melanocytic lesions include various poorly differentiated carcinomas, selected histiocytic proliferations, malignant gliomas, peripheral nerve sheath tumors, and Langerhans' cell lesions
Most epithelia replenish themselves through a process called tissue homeostasis, in which the number of cell divisions within a tissue compensates for the number of cells lost (1). Tissue homeostasis is ensured by the existence of stem cells (SCs) located within specialized microenvironments, referred to as niches.
Reactive lesions of the oral cavity are non-neoplastic proliferations with very similar clinical appearance to benign neoplastic proliferation.
Proliferation of multi-nucleated giant cells within a background ofplump ovoid and spindle-shaped mesenchymal cells (Fig 2→→) in granulation tissuelike background of chronic inflammatory infiltration (→).
Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent adult stem cells that are present in multiple tissues, including umbilical cord, bone marrow and fat tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells can self-renew by dividing and can differentiate into multiple tissues including bone, cartilage, muscle and fat cells, and connective tissue.
Mast cells are immune cells derived from the myeloid lineage. Under the influence of stem cell factors locally produced by many cells in the tissue, the progenitor differentiates into a mature mast cell. Mature mast cells are present only in tissue and are not found in circulation.
A schwannoma (or neurilemmoma) is a usually benign nerve sheath tumor composed of Schwann cells, which normally produce the insulating myelin sheath covering peripheral nerves.
Granular cell A rare type of soft tissue tumor that usually begins in Schwann cells (cells that hold nerve cells in place). It can occur anywhere in the body, but it usually occurs in or under the skin of the head and neck (especially the mouth or tongue).
Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia (PEH)is a histopathological reaction pattern to various stimuli, which includes trauma, infection, inflammation, neoplasia. It is seen as tongue like epithelial proliferation invading the connective tissue and should not be mistaken for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).
Neuron-Specific Enolase as a Biomarker The expression of NSE, which occurs as γγ- and αγ-dimer, is a late event in neural differentiation, thus making it a useful index of neural maturation.NSE is a highly specific marker for neurons and peripheral neuroendocrine cells.
CD68 marker It is particularly useful as a marker for the various cells of the macrophage lineage, including monocytes, histiocytes, giant cells, Kupffer cells, and osteoclasts. Its presence in macrophages also useful in diagnosing conditions related to proliferation or abnormality of these cells, such as malignant histiocytosis, histiocytic lymphoma
Calretinin Pathologists use calretinin as a selective marker to diagnose mesothelioma, and researchers are testing the protein as a target for cancer therapy.
Dyskeratosis, which exhibits brightly pink eosinophilia similar to the keratinization in a horn pearl, differs by involving single keratinocytes. Dyskeratosis異常角化：細胞和大小不一、細胞間有水的存在 Acantholysis表皮崩解：細胞間連結消失
Amelanotic melanoma is a form of melanoma in which the malignant cells have little to no pigment. The term 'amelanotic' is often used to indicate lesions that are only partially devoid of pigment while truly amelanotic melanoma where lesions lack all pigment is rare
elongated拉長、偏長的
Verrucous疣狀
Usually caused by a tumor (adenoma in 85% of all cases) or hyperplasia of the gland that produces an increase in PTH secretion resulting in hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia.
When the parathyroid glands are stimulated to produce increased amounts of hormones to correct abnormally low serum calcium levels in different physiologic or pathologic conditions like renal failure, intestinal malabsorption syndrome, decrease of Vitamin D production, thus resulting in parathyroid hyperplasia.
clumped keratohyaline granules.(透明角質粒)
又叫細胞緻密變化，英語：Pyknosis）是細胞經歷壞死[1]或凋亡[2]後核內染色質不可逆的壓縮。
Nuclear enlargement (two to three times normal size).
Irregularity of the nuclear membrane contour, creating a wrinkled or raisinoid appearance.
A clear area around the nucleus, known as a perinuclear halo or perinuclear cytoplasmic vacuolization.
neoplasm 腫瘤
microcyst胞囊
necrosis壞死
Connective tissue papilla close to epithelium
surface (bule ↑) with lymphocyte infiltration
and xanthoma cells that are lipid eating
macrophages with foamy cytoplasm (round
shape, lightly eosinophilic granular cytoplasm,
PAS+/diastase resistant, CD68+) present
completely within the papilla
組織跟免疫爛到好可悲OSCC, oral squamous cell carcinoma
Keratoacanthoma: A Complete Overview with Images - D...
granuloma肉芽腫
Exuberant旺盛ㄉ
SXA single-energy X-ray absorptiometer
SXR skull x-ray
Sz seizure
macrophage in
connective tissue.
sessile無蒂；無柄的
exophytic外生的
fibrinopurulent纖維素膿性
可能是沒學過病理有點好奇fibrinopurulent membrane要怎麼判斷
Peripheral周圍的
pyogenic化膿性
myxoid黏液的
Alveolar ridge
Gross Findings
■
Tan-pink polypoid mass with a smooth nonulcerated surface
Microscopic Findings
■
Submucosal proliferation of cells with abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm
■
Absence of S100 protein and SOX10 staining, in contrast to adult granular cell tumors
Pathologic Differential Diagnosis
■
Adult granular cell tumor, alveolar soft part sarcoma, rhabdomyoma
S-100 Protein
Other S100P-positive tumor types that enter into differential diagnostic consideration with melanocytic lesions include various poorly differentiated carcinomas, selected histiocytic proliferations, malignant gliomas, peripheral nerve sheath tumors, and Langerhans' cell lesions
想問這句是甚麼意思
Proliferation of multi-nucleated giant
cells within a background ofplump ovoid and spindle-shaped mesenchymal cells (Fig 2→→) in granulation tissuelike background of chronic inflammatory infiltration (→).
血鐵質是血紅素消化後所產生的一種蛋白質，如果它出
現在尿液中，就代表血紅素急性或慢性的釋放到循中，
並伴有清除性蛋白質，凝血酵素(hemopexin)和血紅素結
合素(haptoglobin)的耗盡。血鐵質的出現通常代表發生
血管內溶血或最近曾接受輸血
她周圍血管的RBC出現hemosiderin是因為有血管內溶血之類的嗎？
(圖中的咖啡色小點
Pleomorphic多態性
Under the influence of stem cell factors locally produced by many cells in the tissue, the progenitor differentiates into a mature mast cell. Mature mast cells are present only in tissue and are not found in circulation.
跟老師致歉我看不出來
A rare type of soft tissue tumor that usually begins in Schwann cells (cells that hold nerve cells in place). It can occur anywhere in the body, but it usually occurs in or under the skin of the head and neck (especially the mouth or tongue).
PECAM, platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1
Endothelium; vascular neoplasm; plasma cells
CD34
Clones: QBEnd/10 and HPCA
Blasts; stem cells; endothelium; GIST; soft tissue tumor subset
Large polygonal cells with abundant pale eosinophilic granular cytoplasm and vesicular nucle
Degeneration is represented by a swollen, hyalinized, and partly fragmented muscle fiber.
The expression of NSE, which occurs as γγ- and αγ-dimer, is a late event in neural differentiation, thus making it a useful index of neural maturation.NSE is a highly specific marker for neurons and peripheral neuroendocrine cells.
It is particularly useful as a marker for the various cells of the macrophage lineage, including monocytes, histiocytes, giant cells, Kupffer cells, and osteoclasts.
Its presence in macrophages also useful in diagnosing conditions related to proliferation or abnormality of these cells, such as malignant histiocytosis, histiocytic lymphoma
Pathologists use calretinin as a selective marker to diagnose mesothelioma, and researchers are testing the protein as a target for cancer therapy.
B.平滑肌瘤（leiomyoma）HHF-35+, alpha-SMA+, CD34-
C.神經鞘瘤（schwannoma）CD34+/-, S100+, GFAP+, Keratin +/-
Neurofibroma: CD34+, S100+
D.孤立性纖維瘤（solitary fibrous tumor）CD34+, actin -, desmin -, CD99+, Bcl2+,
SMA+/-, VWF-, keratin-, EMA-, S100-
Dermatofibroma CD44+
MFH: CD68, CD34, SMA+
angiosarcoma: VWF(Factor XIIIa)+, CD34+/-, CD31+
Kaposi sarcoma: CD34+, CD31+
Ewing’s sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumors: FLI-1+,
所以會造成增生
Dyskeratosis異常角化：細胞和大小不一、細胞間有水的存在
Acantholysis表皮崩解：細胞間連結消失
PX: prognosis(預後),physical exam
還是部位不一樣......