Prefacing with: I cannot remember where I managed to dig up a translation of the specific kanji used for Naoki's name, and I would have to do the same for Yusuke or Shinji.
Claudia: That'll be a feminine form of Claudius, which I think means 'lame.' Probably it means her parents thought it was cool-sounding and fairly unique.
Naoki I can't explain without also covering his sister, as I looked it up after realising Naoki and Saki's given names have the same ending kanji. Hers is something like 'short chronicle' and Naoki's is 'long chronicle.'
Shinjiro: Again, I don't have an exact translation to hand, but I know from Behind the Name that '-ro' is usually 'son.' And 'shin' (as in Megami Tensei) can be 'true.'
Her mother's name doubles down on the theme and is written 'three four.' The way I've written her mother, Hifumi's name means 'aha a piece of my legacy to use for my own ends.'
Crowley... I am honestly not sure I could look up anything useful for. He picked it himself, after his angelic name was taken from him and he spent a while stuck with 'Crawly.'
'Charlotte' doubles down on the spider theme while balancing the drama of 'Arachne' nicely, and most other fictional spiders are male (Boris), even MORE dramatic (Shelob) or both (Aragog).
Also Boris is squashed within two minutes.